Differences were discussed until consensus was reached. Data from the content extraction forms were downloaded into an electronic spreadsheet and analysed descriptively. The main characteristics of the articles published in Spanish women's magazines were compared with those in Brazilian women's magazines using two-sided chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests.
In , these 14 magazines together had a print circulation of 4 copies per month, ranging from approximately 19 copies per month Embarazo Sano to over 1 copies per month Mujer Hoy. Among these articles, These were not included in this article. We present the results of the analysis of the remaining articles which offered additional information on delivery by CS.
Process of selection and inclusion of articles on cesarean delivery published in Spanish women's magazines, — Almost one-third of the articles were leads, i.
Main characteristics and sources of information for articles on caesarean section published in Spanish women's magazines, — Completeness of information on caesarean section CS transmitted by articles published in Spanish women's magazines, — Only The most frequently reported alleged benefits of CS were the reduction in fetal injury or risks 39 articles , reduction in maternal or perinatal mortality 30 articles and shorter time to deliver 28 articles Appendix S2.
Information on caesarean section presented by articles published in Spanish women's magazines. Information on benefits and risks of caesarean section CS transmitted in Spanish women's magazines. The most frequently mentioned perinatal risks associated with CS were increased incidence of neonatal respiratory problems 3.
We compared the content of the Spanish and Brazilian articles that presented at least one medical fact. Potential risks and benefits of CS were mentioned by significantly fewer Spanish than Brazilian articles.
Main characteristics of articles on caesarean section CS published in popular Spanish — and Brazilian — women's magazines. A total of 49 articles presented the experiences and opinions of 41 different celebrities regarding their delivery through CS. Several of these articles were published simultaneously in different magazines, referring to the same birth of a famous person. These articles reported the birth experience and opinions of nine actresses, nine TV professionals, five singers, two journalists, one fashion model, one royalty member, one athlete, two women with other professions and 11 partners, ex-partners or other relatives of famous women.
Of these 41 celebrities who delivered by CS, 31 We aimed to abstract information on the overall tone or commentary of the articles regarding the route of delivery. In The vast majority of the over articles published about CS in Spanish women's magazines in the last 21 years present no scientific or objective facts about this route of delivery and do not reference the sources for the information presented.
Only a minority of these articles present information that could help educate the readership on the benefits and risks of this route of delivery relative to VD. Although the number of articles in Spanish women's magazines was substantially higher than in Brazilian women's magazines during the year period analysed, the vast majority of the Spanish articles did not present any medical fact on CS and reported significantly less information than Brazilian articles on the potential benefits and risks of CS.
The findings of the current study are similar to those reported previously. However, despite this plethora of articles, contrary to our original hypothesis, the quality of the information on CS presented in Spanish women's magazines was not better than that in Brazilian women's magazines, 16 and may have even be worse in some aspects.
For example, the sources of information were not referenced in However, it should be noted that there were substantially more articles exclusively with women's testimonials in Spanish relative to Brazilian women's magazines This may explain the difference in the observed proportion of articles with referenced information between Spanish and Brazilian magazines.
The quality of the sources of information reported was also poor in both Spanish and Brazilian articles. Most of the authors of articles published in women's magazines seem to rely exclusively on individual health professionals, instead of consulting more reliable sources of information, such as international or local health organisations or research institutes.
Most Spanish testimonials reported good maternal and perinatal outcomes and the majority of mothers were satisfied with their CS. This can lead readers to an over-optimistic view of CS. Birth stories can have an important impact on the decision of women on their preferred route of delivery. In-depth interviews with Canadian parturients who demanded a CS without medical indications revealed that socially circulated birth stories and cultural beliefs heavily influenced their attitudes towards the mode of delivery.
The majority of articles in both settings did not provide any information on the long-term maternal risks A possible interpretation of these findings is the notion that good medical outcomes are nowadays taken for granted in women undergoing CS; these women are more interested in the emotional or convenience issues surrounding this method of delivery. Inaccurate information may induce women to opt for unnecessary medical procedures which could have serious consequences. The lack of information on the risks associated with CS can contribute to a false sense of safety and the banalisation of CS as a minor procedure instead of a major surgery.
It can be argued that women's magazines do not have an educational role because their readership purchases this kind of literature for pleasure and distraction.
Yet, the influence of the media, and popular magazines in particular, in shaping the opinions and views of their readers is undeniable. If you have questions about the medical track, please contact Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Kim Beck. We will accept up to six credit hours of level equivalent, COPHS medical Spanish coursework toward completion of a Spanish major , or three toward a Spanish minor.
Under "old plan", list all majors and minors that you currently have. Under "new plan", list all of the majors and minors that you want to appear on your transcripts. If there is more than one major, document which will be your primary major and which will be your secondary major. List all minors. The sooner you declare a major or minor, the sooner you can ensure that you are on track to complete all the requirements.
Once the form has completed the approval process, Registration and Records will update your My. Butler portal. The Administrative Specialist in Modern Languages MLLC will email you with an acknowledgment of the added major or minor, and assign an advisor if necessary. The advisor can help you find a selection of language courses that complement your other work being done at the University, as well as help you prepare for study abroad programs.
As other universities do, we offer courses to develop your communication skills and improve proficiencies. However we take it much further, offering you intensive studies in Culture, Literature, and Linguistics —both stateside and abroad, utilizing media of all kinds on both our end and yours.
View our YouTube series on Linguistics —dozens of videos providing you deep insight into the underpinnings of the Spanish language and its usage around the world. Not only will your pronunciation improve, but your confidence will grow in speaking and writing about your Cultural and Literary areas of inquiry.
And Spanish coursework complements your studies from across the University. Watch a College of Communication student movie on the subjunctive tense that incorporates computer generated dinosaurs roaming Butler's campus. Enjoy a Jordan College of the Arts student stop animation movie documenting a faculty member's secret life as a spy.
For questions about our Spanish program, contact our faculty members anytime. In this course, you'll immerse yourself in Indianapolis Public School classrooms every week, aiding underserved, Spanish-speaking students. Your supervised, on-site hours are supported by weekly, Butler class meetings for discussion and reflection, in Spanish, on topics including language acquisition and immigration. An individualized schedule is constructed by you, your course instructor, and the partner school.
This course not only fulfills the Skills requirement for the Spanish major, but it also fulfills your University Indianapolis Community Requirement ICR , your Core Writing Across the Curriculum requirement WAC, if completed once you've obtained junior status at 59 credit hours , and as a course toward the Peace and Conflict Studies program. I think getting to teach that to other people will be such a great opportunity. I love traveling, so I want to keep doing that.
I'll obviously be speaking Spanish and improving my skills in that area, but I'll also be teaching English to non-native speakers. So it combines my passions. Hole is the cofounder of StreetCred , an organization that works to reduce child poverty in America by improving access to money and services available to low-income families and individuals raising children.
The organization provides free tax preparation and financial literacy services in pediatric hospitals and clinics targeting families eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit.
Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures. Contact Information Dr. Irune Gabiola , Professor of Spanish. At least 24 of these credits must be at the level or above. At least two courses must be at the level. And for those student entering Fall onward, at least 18 credits must be from SP — At least 12 of these hours must be at the level or above.
At least one course must be from SP — i. One major exception occurs at Since there is only one hour, switch to a singular verb and article:. To indicate that the time is exactly on the hour, include en punto "on the dot" :.
Es la una en punto. It's exactly Son las siete en punto. It's on the dot. For times greater than a half hour you can either add the appropriate number of minutes or skip ahead to the next hour and subtract:.
Son las dos menos veinte. It's Faltan diez para las dos. Son diez para las siete. Note: Use the imperfect tense when stating times in the past.
It was in the morning. In two hours it will be PM stands for Post Meridiem "after midday" in Latin. It's in the morning. Son las tres de la tarde. It's in the afternoon. Son las nueve de la noche. It's in the evening. Some people just want to know the most romantic language on Earth.
Spanish is the official language of more than 20 countries, including Spain, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and others. If you speak Spanish, you can travel to all of them. Knowing the Spanish language will come in handy when reading the menu in a restaurant, asking for help, telling a cab driver where to go or holding a conversation with a local about the next corrida.
Furthermore, if you speak Spanish, you can communicate with over million people from all over the world. Spanish has become one of the most important languages of business. There are 40 million people who speak Spanish in the US alone. Knowing it or learning it looks good on any resume, and will make you an eligible candidate in the fields of education, technology, sales, healthcare, and so on.
Spanish is ranked as the 3rd most used language on the web. Discovering a new fascinating culture is another reason why you should learn Spanish.
Learning Spanish will definitely change your life. Improve your reading skills with good literature. Learn Spanish to discover a new way to see the world.
Get acquainted with a unique culture, widely spread on three continents. Travel and communicate freely in at least 25 countries of the world. Even though "B" and "V" are quite distinct in other languages, the two letters sound the same in Spanish. This means that "basta" enough and "vasta" vast are homophones. It was founded in and is responsible for adding new corrections to the dictionary. The number of Spanish speakers in the United States is constantly growing.
In fact, by , experts estimate that the United States will contain more native Spanish speakers than any other country in the world. Yes, including Spain and Mexico. Spain is home to almost 45 million Spanish speakers, most of whom speak the Castilian dialect. This term applies to the official Spanish language. These dialects are spoken in southern Spain and are the most popular ones after Castilian.
The Andalusian dialects are known for "eating" the letter "d", so words like "helado" ice cream are pronounced more like "helao". In the English-speaking world, the Caribbean Spanish dialects may be familiar because of the popularity of singers and rappers, such as Pitbull or Daddy Yankee.
The Spanish language originated in Spain. Today, however, most people who speak Spanish reside outside of it. Some of them far away from Spain, and the other right near it.
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