Always label containers clearly. Do not use a container if it is not labelled or if you cannot read the label. Know when and how to dilute the product correctly e. Never mix with other products, especially other cleaners that contain ammonia. Toxic gases can be produced, which are very irritating or corrosive to the eyes and lungs. Make sure the area you are working in is well ventilated. The vapours from bleach are irritating to the eyes and respiratory system.
Use fans or open windows and doors. Wear respirators when recommended. Wear goggles or a face shield to protect your eyes and face from splashes. Wear gloves such as household rubber or neoprene gloves or other types as recommended by the manufacturer. Wear clothing that will cover your skin in the case of a spill, including a long-sleeved shirt, pants, socks, and closed-toed shoes.
Protective chemical aprons or suits will provide more protection. If using in a workplace, make sure that workers know how to use and store the product, and how react in an emergency. Store bleach in a safe, cool, dry place. Keep away from direct sunlight and heat. Close the cap tightly after each use. If using in the home, keep away from children. The researchers found that hypochlorous acid, the active ingredient in bleach, causes the unfolding of proteins in bacteria in much the same was that heat stress or fever does.
Those denatured proteins then clump together irreversibly into a mass in living cells, similar to what happens to proteins when you boil an egg, according to the researchers. The bacteria aren't totally defenseless, however.
Under those circumstances, a protein chaperone called heat shock protein Hsp33 springs to action, protecting proteins from the aggregation effect and increasing the bacteria's bleach resistance.
Protein chaperones are generally defined as proteins whose function is to help other proteins. Under those circumstances, the [Hsp33] protein is specifically activated to increase resistance.
In fact, the innate immune systems of mammals, and specifically immune cells known as neutrophils, release high concentrations of hypochlorous acid aka bleach upon recognizing microbial invaders.
In addition, Jakob said, some evidence suggests that enzymes that produce bleach may help keep the bacteria in our guts in check.
The wavelengths we can see are between and nanometers, and they appear as color to us. For example, when light with a wavelength of about nanometers hits the retina in your eye, you perceive the color blue. The light that comes from the ketchup stain on your t-shirt to your retina has a wavelength of about nanometers, which makes it appear red [source: Atmospheric Science Data Center ].
The reason the ketchup stain reflects light with a wavelength of nanometers has to do with its chemical makeup. Like most other substances, ketchup is made up of multiple elements joined together by chemical bonds to form molecules. The electrons involved in some of these bonds are capable of absorbing light of certain wavelengths, depending on the characteristics of the chemical bond. The light that the electrons in a substance can't absorb determines the substance's color.
So the ketchup stain is absorbing all of the wavelengths of normal light that hit it -- except the nanometer light, which it reflects back to your eye, making it appear red.
Many stains have a network of double bonds between carbon atoms, and this network absorbs light. Chlorine bleach is able to oxidize many of these bonds, breaking them and taking away the substance's ability to absorb light. When this happens, the stain "disappears. It then appears white, like the rest of the shirt.
The remains of the ketchup can still be there; you just won't see the stain anymore. Soaking and washing the shirt can remove the now-invisible stain [source: Barrans ]. Since sodium hypochlorite is a powerful oxidizing agent, it is able to oxidize chemical bonds not only in stains on your clothing, but also in the dyes that give the clothing its color.
Anyone who has accidentally dripped chlorine bleach on their favorite pair of jeans has experienced just how effective bleach is as an oxidizing agent. A non-chlorine bleach that uses a weaker oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, can break the chemical bonds in certain stains without breaking the stronger chemical bonds in clothing dye [source: Barrans ].
The use of chlorine bleach as a medical disinfectant was first recorded in Austria in Staff at the Vienna General Hospital began using it to keep "childbed fever," a severe infection that killed countless women after they gave birth, from spreading throughout the maternity ward [source: American Chemistry Council ].
The food processing industry uses chlorine bleach to kill hazardous bacteria such as Listeria , Salmonella and E. Sodium hypochlorite also is added to municipal drinking water to kill dangerous waterborne organisms like the bacterium Salmonella typhi , which causes typhoid fever and killed many people before water disinfection and antibiotic treatment became common [source: American Chemistry Council ].
Chlorine bleach kills Vibrio cholerae , the bacterium that causes cholera, a disease that killed in epidemic proportions before water treatment.
It can still kill in countries where clean drinking water is not available. Chlorine bleach can also kill dangerous bacteria and viruses on surfaces, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA , influenza and HIV. Chlorine bleach is especially valuable as a disinfectant, since germs are not able to develop immunity against it, as they have done against certain drugs [source: Lenntech ]. To kill germs, sodium hypochlorite uses the same quality that makes it such a great stain remover -- its power as an oxidizing agent.
When sodium hypochlorite comes in contact with viruses, bacteria, mold or fungi, it oxidizes molecules in the cells of the germs and kills them. Scientists also believe that the hypochlorous acid that forms when sodium hypochlorite is added to water can break down the cell walls of some germs [source: Lenntech ].
The hypochlorous acid also seems to be able to cause certain proteins to build up in bacteria, making their cells unable to function [source: Winter ]. Non-chlorine bleaches that are oxidizing agents can also act as disinfectants on some surfaces, but they are less potent than chlorine bleach.
Chlorine bleach, when used properly, is a practical and effective disinfectant. Since chlorine bleach is a strong oxidizing agent, it's hazardous if not used properly. You should never mix chlorine bleach with any other household product, because it can react to form very hazardous substances. For example, mixing chlorine bleach with ammonia or vinegar can release poisonous chlorine gas.
Cleaning and disinfecting products that aren't called "bleach" may also contain sodium hypochlorite as one of their active ingredients, so you should always read the label before using a cleaning product.
If you are using bleach to disinfect household surfaces, make sure the area is well ventilated and do not inhale any fumes. Fumes from chlorine bleach can cause coughing, sore throat and airway irritation, and it can also irritate the eyes. Keep chlorine bleach from coming into contact with your skin, since it can cause redness and irritation, especially after repeated exposures.
If bleach gets in your eyes , rinse them immediately and call your doctor.
0コメント