Alternatively, the muscles may become too weak, resulting in bladder incontinence. Anyone can develop pelvic floor dysfunction, but it is particularly common during or after pregnancy and in people with a history of trauma — for example, from an episiotomy — to the perineum.
Many people with pelvic floor dysfunction experience pelvic pain, especially in the perineum. While pelvic floor exercises are helpful, the right exercises depend on the type of dysfunction. It is important to work with a doctor or physical therapist to determine the most effective exercises. Referred pain is pain that begins somewhere else in the body and radiates to the perineum. Appendicitis , colitis, and some other gastrointestinal conditions may cause referred pain in the perineum.
Inflammation of the prostate, which is called prostatitis , can cause pain in the perineum. The inflammation can occur suddenly due to an infection or injury, and in some cases, it may be long term. Warm compresses or sitz baths may help with the pain, but these home remedies will not treat the underlying cause.
In cases where a bacterial infection is the cause of prostatitis , a doctor is likely to prescribe a course of antibiotics. Other prostate issues may cause symptoms similar to those of prostatitis. Therefore, a person should see a doctor if perineal pain occurs during urination or sex.
An infected cyst or abscess in the anus or elsewhere in the perineum can swell and become very painful. If the area looks red and swollen or there is a painful cyst on the perineum, this may be a sign of infection. Warm compresses and numbing sprays may help with the pain. It may be necessary to treat certain infections with prescription antibiotics. Some abscesses may require incision and drainage, while it may be necessary to remove an infected cyst surgically.
Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the anus. Internal hemorrhoids sometimes cause bleeding during bowel movements. External hemorrhoids may bleed, itch, or cause pain. Some hemorrhoids put pressure on the perineum. This pressure can cause pain in the perineum that may radiate to the rectum.
The pain may be worse during, or right after, a bowel movement. In less severe cases, people can use hemorrhoid wipes to soothe the skin and keep the area clean. Using hemorrhoid cream or soaking the area in a sitz bath after each bowel movement can also provide symptom relief.
Eating a diet high in fiber and drinking plenty of water can help prevent constipation and straining , which are common causes of enlarged hemorrhoids. The pudendal nerve is in the pelvis. It can become inflamed or entrapped, often due to another injury.
If this occurs, it tends to cause nerve pain that may involve the perineum. The pain can appear suddenly or develop gradually over many weeks or months. Massaging the area and taking pain relievers may provide temporary relief. However, people with this condition should see a doctor.
Some causes of perineal pain, such as minor injuries or tears from childbirth, will go away on their own. It is important to see a doctor for severe perineal pain. Sexual abuse. Forceful and inappropriate sexual contact can cause perineal injury. Contact with hot objects or liquids could injure the perineum. These may occur in military combat 4 or from contact with hot liquids 5 or hot objects, such as personal grooming implements.
Other conditions. It affects the perineum, scrotum, or penis in males. It is a rare disease and may be a complication from other types of urinary tract conditions, surgery, or trauma. Chronic perineal injuries most often result from a job- or sport-related practice—such as riding a bicycle, motorcycle, or horse. Bicycle, motorcycle, and horseback riding. In a regular chair, the flesh and bone of the buttocks partially absorb the pressure of sitting, and the pressure occurs farther toward the back than on a bike seat.
The straddling position on a narrow seat pinches the perineal blood vessels and nerves, possibly causing blood vessel and nerve damage over time. Research shows wider, noseless seats reduce perineal pressure.
Cycling has many cardiovascular benefits that improve overall sexual and urinary health. There is controversy whether long-distance cycling leads to modest, increased risk of ED. ED may be caused by repetitive pressure on blood vessels, which constricts them and results in plaque buildup in the vessels. Genital numbness has been noted in male cyclists who engage in long-distance cycling events.
Cyclists should aim to ride in a way that avoids acute genital numbness. Long distance riders should get their bike professionally fit to their body, consider using seats that minimize perineal pressure, and spend less time engaged with the saddle during long rides. Health care professionals diagnose perineal injury based on the circumstances and severity of the injury. In general, a health care professional will conduct a physical exam and order one or more imaging tests. During a physical exam, your health care professional looks for wounds, swelling, or bruises and may use a digital rectal exam to feel for internal injuries.
Your health care professional also may conduct a neurologic exam to test skin sensation. Your health care professional may order one or more imaging tests to check for internal injuries. When health care professionals evaluate injuries, they typically ask how the injury occurred and when was the last time you urinated. In cases of genital injuries, these questions may make you feel uncomfortable because, in addition to other causes, genital injuries can be caused by sexual abuse, and health care professionals are required by law to report cases of sexual abuse that come to their attention.
Treatments for perineal injury vary with the severity and type of injury. If you are bleeding, your health care professional will take immediate steps to minimize blood loss and repair the injury. Tears or incisions may require stitches, and burns may require ointment.
Traumatic or piercing injuries may require surgery to repair damaged pelvic floor muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. In case of a urethral injury, your urine may need to be collected through a tube called a catheter. Treatment for these acute injuries may also include antibiotics to prevent infection.
After a health care professional stabilizes an acute injury so blood loss is no longer a concern, some long-term effects of the injury, such as bladder control and sexual function problems, may persist. Injuries to the urethra could cause it to become narrower, and it may need to be treated. A health care professional can treat high-flow priapism caused by a blunt injury to the perineum with medication or surgery. For people with a chronic perineal injury, a health care professional will work with you to treat the condition and any complications.
Bicycle, motorcycle, or horseback riding. Use seats or saddles that minimize pressure on the perineum and shift pressure to the buttocks. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recommends noseless seats for people who ride bikes as part of their job.
You can also adjust the height of the handlebars, pedals, or seat, and wear padded shorts to reduce pressure and chafing of your perineum. Construction, agricultural, or factory work. To learn more about our home care services, contact our caregiving team today at or find a caregiver near you.
To learn more about our home care services, contact our caregiving team today online or call us at Open Accessibility Menu. Blog February Perineal Care For What is the Perineal Area? What is Perineal Care? How Should the Perineal Area be Washed? Be sure to wash and dry your hands first before you start. This is true if you are cleaning yourself or if you are doing this as a caregiver. Use a soft washcloth to clean the area from the front to the back.
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